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1.
An. pediatr. (2003. Ed. impr.) ; 83(6): 443.e1-443.e5, dic. 2015.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-146531

RESUMO

La colonización bacteriana se establece inmediatamente después del nacimiento, por contacto directo con la microbiota materna, y puede modificarse durante la lactancia. Están apareciendo datos indicativos de que modificaciones cuantitativas y cualitativas de la microbiota intestinal son capaces de estimular cambios en la activación del sistema inmune que pueden conducir a la aparición de enfermedades gastrointestinales o extraintestinales. El equilibrio entre la microbiota patógena y beneficiosa durante la niñez y la adolescencia es importante para la salud gastrointestinal, incluyendo la protección frente a patógenos, la inhibición de patógenos, el procesamiento de nutrientes (síntesis de vitamina K), el estímulo de la angiogénesis y la regulación del almacenamiento de la grasa corporal. También los probióticos pueden modular la microbiota intestinal para favorecer la salud del huésped. Este artículo es una revisión sobre la acción moduladora de la microbiota intestinal en la prevención y el tratamiento coadyuvante de las enfermedades gastrointestinales pediátricas


The bacterial colonisation is established immediately after birth, through direct contact with maternal microbiota, and may be influenced during lactation. There is emerging evidence indicating that quantitative and qualitative changes on gut microbiota contribute to alterations in the mucosal activation of the immune system, leading to intra- or extra-intestinal diseases. A balance between pathogenic and beneficial microbiota throughout childhood and adolescence is important to gastrointestinal health, including protection against pathogens, inhibition of pathogens, nutrient processing (synthesis of vitamin K), stimulation of angiogenesis, and regulation of host fat storage. Probiotics can promote an intentional modulation of intestinal microbiota favouring the health of the host. A review is presented on the modulation of intestinal microbiota on prevention, and adjuvant treatment of some paediatric gastrointestinal diseases


Assuntos
Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Microbiota/fisiologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Helicobacter/terapia , Enterocolite Necrosante/fisiopatologia , Enterocolite Necrosante/terapia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/fisiopatologia , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/terapia , Gastroenterite/fisiopatologia , Gastroenterite/terapia , Infecções por Helicobacter/epidemiologia , Doença Celíaca/epidemiologia , Enterocolite Necrosante/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/etiologia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Hidratação , Proteobactérias/fisiologia
2.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 83(6): 443.e1-5, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26534880

RESUMO

The bacterial colonisation is established immediately after birth, through direct contact with maternal microbiota, and may be influenced during lactation. There is emerging evidence indicating that quantitative and qualitative changes on gut microbiota contribute to alterations in the mucosal activation of the immune system, leading to intra- or extra-intestinal diseases. A balance between pathogenic and beneficial microbiota throughout childhood and adolescence is important to gastrointestinal health, including protection against pathogens, inhibition of pathogens, nutrient processing (synthesis of vitamin K), stimulation of angiogenesis, and regulation of host fat storage. Probiotics can promote an intentional modulation of intestinal microbiota favouring the health of the host. A review is presented on the modulation of intestinal microbiota on prevention, and adjuvant treatment of some paediatric gastrointestinal diseases.


Assuntos
Gastroenteropatias/microbiologia , Microbiota , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos
3.
An. pediatr. (2003. Ed. impr.) ; 83(5): 355.e1-355.e7, nov. 2015. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-145413

RESUMO

En el momento actual existe una situación de indefinición con respecto a cuándo, cómo y de qué forma debe introducirse el gluten en la dieta del lactante. Durante años ha prevalecido la recomendación del Comité de Nutrición de la ESPGHAN de evitar tanto la introducción precoz, antes de los 4 meses, como la tardía, después de los 7 meses, y de introducir el gluten gradualmente mientras el lactante recibe leche materna; se pretendía con ello reducir el riesgo de enfermedad celiaca, diabetes y alergia al gluten. Sin embargo, 2 estudios independientes publicados en octubre de 2014 en The New England Journal of Medicine llegan a la conclusión de que la edad de introducción del gluten no modifica el riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad celiaca y que la lactancia materna a cualquier edad tampoco confiere protección. Por otra parte, según la evidencia científica disponible, en general, se recomienda la introducción de otros alimentos en la dieta distintos de la leche materna o de fórmula alrededor de los 6 meses de edad, ya que la introducción antes de los 4 meses se asociaría a un riesgo aumentado de enfermedades autoinmunes y alergia alimentaria, y retrasarla más allá de los 7 meses no tendría efecto protector. En este contexto, un grupo de expertos ha considerado pertinente elaborar un documento de consenso basado en las evidencias científicas actuales y establecer unas recomendaciones generales para la introducción del gluten en la práctica clínica diaria (AU)


At present there is a degree of uncertainty regarding when, how and in what form gluten should be introduced into the infant diet. For years the recommendations of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition have prevailed, which include avoiding early introduction, before 4 months, and late, after 7 months, and gradually introducing gluten into the diet while the infant is being breastfed, with the aim of reducing the risk of celiac disease, diabetes and gluten allergy. However, 2 independent studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine in October 2014 reached the conclusion that the age of introduction of gluten does not modify the risk of developing celiac disease, and that breastfeeding at any age does not confer protection against celiac disease development. On the other hand, according to available scientific evidence, the introduction of foods other than breast milk or formula into the infants diet is generally recommended around 6 months of age, since the introduction before 4 months could be associated with an increased risk of food allergy and autoimmune diseases, and delaying it beyond 7 months would not have a protective effect. In this context, a group of experts has considered it appropriate to produce a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence and present general recommendations for daily clinical practice on the introduction of gluten into the diet (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Dieta Livre de Glúten/métodos , Dieta Livre de Glúten/normas , Recém-Nascido/metabolismo , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus/metabolismo , Hipersensibilidade/metabolismo , Dieta Livre de Glúten/classificação , Dieta Livre de Glúten , Recém-Nascido/psicologia , Leite Humano/enzimologia , Diabetes Mellitus/congênito , Diabetes Mellitus/patologia , Hipersensibilidade/complicações
4.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 83(5): 355.e1-7, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25913122

RESUMO

At present there is a degree of uncertainty regarding when, how and in what form gluten should be introduced into the infant diet. For years the recommendations of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition have prevailed, which include avoiding early introduction, before 4 months, and late, after 7 months, and gradually introducing gluten into the diet while the infant is being breastfed, with the aim of reducing the risk of celiac disease, diabetes and gluten allergy. However, 2 independent studies published in The New England Journal of Medicine in October 2014 reached the conclusion that the age of introduction of gluten does not modify the risk of developing celiac disease, and that breastfeeding at any age does not confer protection against celiac disease development. On the other hand, according to available scientific evidence, the introduction of foods other than breast milk or formula into the infants diet is generally recommended around 6 months of age, since the introduction before 4 months could be associated with an increased risk of food allergy and autoimmune diseases, and delaying it beyond 7 months would not have a protective effect. In this context, a group of experts has considered it appropriate to produce a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence and present general recommendations for daily clinical practice on the introduction of gluten into the diet.


Assuntos
Dieta , Glutens/administração & dosagem , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Animais , Aleitamento Materno , Doença Celíaca/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Leite Humano
5.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 71(7): e0165-e0169, jul. 2013. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-116613

RESUMO

La enfermedad celiaca (EC) es una enteropatía causada por una respuesta inmunitaria anómala mediada por los linfocitos T frente al gluten. Para el desarrollo de la enfermedad son necesarias una predisposición genética y la exposición al gluten, pero también actúan otros factores ambientales como desencadenantes (dietéticos, infecciones, aumento de la permeabilidad intestinal...). Los principales factores genéticos asociados a la EC se relacionan con el complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad de clase II, que codifica el antígeno leucocitario humano HLA-DQ2 y HLA-DQ8. Algunos estudios recientes de asociación del genoma han identificado varios locus de riesgo en pacientes celiacos en genes no relacionados con el HLA. Presentamos una actualización de estos genes y de las diferencias existentes entre ellos en individuos sanos, pacientes celiacos y pacientes celiacos potenciales (AU)


Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy consequence of an aberrant immune response mediated by T lymphocytes against gluten. For the development of the disease it is necessary a genetic predisposition and gluten exposure; however, other environmental factors (dietary, infections, increased intestinal permeability...) act as triggers. The main genetics factors associated with celiac disease are major histocompatibility complex class II genes, that encode human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. Recent genome-wide association studies have led to the identification of several non-HLA risk loci for celiac disease. We present an update on these genes and genetics differences between healthy subjects, celiac disease and potential celiac (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Doença Celíaca/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade , Marcadores Genéticos/genética
7.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 70(3): 87-92, mar. 2012. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-99237

RESUMO

Introducción: El tratamiento principal de la gastroenteritis aguda son las soluciones de rehidratación oral. La falta de cumplimiento terapéutico de los niños por rechazo de las propiedades organolépticas de las soluciones actuales supone un obstáculo en el manejo de la gastroenteritis aguda pediátrica. Este artículo analiza la satisfacción con las nuevas soluciones de rehidratación oral, con mejoras de sabor y textura, en niños sanos de7-10 años. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de satisfacción en dos fases. En la primera se evaluó la preferencia a diferentes sabores, para las texturas de «gelatina» o «gel», y se recogió la percepción de los niños acerca de la similitud de dichos productos con un medicamento. En la segunda se evaluó la textura preferida. Adicionalmente, se interrogó a los padres/tutores sobre la administración del tratamiento de gastroenteritis aguda pediátrica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 156 y 155 niños en las fases 1 y 2,respectivamente. Los sabores preferidos fueron la fresa y la cola, en ambas texturas. La similitud de las propiedades organolépticas con un postre o un dulce minimizó el efecto de un medicamento en los niños. La opinión de los tutores sobre el tratamiento fue favorable: un 97% consideró atractivos los sabores. La textura «gel» fue la mejor valorada (un 90% de ellos tomaría este producto). Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere que una nueva formulación de soluciones de rehidratación oral con propiedades organolépticas optimizadas aproxima el tratamiento de rehidratación al niño. El nivel de satisfacción de estos pacientes incide en el manejo terapéutico de la gastroenteritis aguda pediátrica(AU)


Introduction: The main treatment for acute gastroenteritis is oral rehydration solutions. Non compliance due to rejection of the organoleptic properties is an obstacle in the management of paediatric acute gastroenteritis. This article analyses the satisfaction with the new oral rehydration solutions with enhanced flavour and texture in healthy children aged 7 to 10. Materials and methods: A study of satisfaction in two phases was conducted. In the first phase, we assessed the preferences for different flavours, for both gel and gelatine texture, as well as the children’s perceptions about the product similarities with a medicine. In phase two, we evaluated the texture. Additionally, children’s parents/tutors were interviewed in relation to administration of paediatric acute gastroenteritis treatment. Results: 156 and 155 children were included in phase 1 and 2, respectively. The elected flavours were strawberry and coke, both in gelatine and gel textures. The product organoleptic properties similarities to a desert minimized the effect of a medicine in children. Tutors’ opinion on the treatment was very favourable: 97% considered that the flavours were attractive, and 90% of them would take the product if needed. The gel texture was the most elected. Conclusions: This study suggests that a new oral rehydration solutions formulation with optimized organoleptic properties facilitates the rehydration treatment in children, which favours the acute gastroenteritis therapeutic management due to high satisfaction level(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Gastroenterite/terapia , Soluções para Reidratação/administração & dosagem , Hidratação/métodos , Diarreia Infantil/terapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Satisfação do Paciente , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , /estatística & dados numéricos
8.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 74(1): 51-51[e1-e7], ene. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-90252

RESUMO

El estreñimiento es un problema clínico frecuente. Afecta del 2 al 30% de los niños, según el criterio diagnóstico utilizado. El tratamiento recomendado se basa en: a) explicación-desmitificación; b) desimpactación fecal y c) mantenimiento con cambios en la dieta, modificación de los hábitos higiénicos y el uso de laxantes. En la última década ha variado el sistema de vaciado intestinal; de la clásica vía rectal hemos pasado al uso generalizado de la vía oral a base de polietilenglicol 3350.Se debe tener en cuenta las necesidades individuales y las preferencias del paciente. El tratamiento de mantenimiento se iniciará inmediatamente después de lograr el vaciado intestinal. Está basado en la modificación de los hábitos dietéticos, higiénicos y en el uso de laxantes. Una adecuada ingesta de fibra y agua, el entrenamiento del hábito defecatorio y el uso de laxantes orales logra una defecación diaria y no dolorosa, evitando la reacumulación de heces. El uso de enemas puede ser efectivo para la desimpactación, pero tiene el riesgo de lesión traumática y no es adecuado para el tratamiento de mantenimiento. Los laxantes recomendados son los osmóticos. El tratamiento de primera elección en niños de cualquier edad es el polietilenglicol 3350 por su seguridad, efectividad y tolerancia. Su dosis varia entre 0,25 a 1,5g/kg. El mejor conocimiento de la fisiología de la defecación ha permitido el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos: bloqueantes de los receptores de la serotonina o activadores de los canales del cloro (AU)


Constipation is common in childhood. It can affect around 5–30% of the child population, depending on the criteria used for diagnosis. The currently recommended treatment is based on three main points: a) explanation, b) disimpaction and c) maintenance therapy consisting of diet changes, behavioural modification, and the use of laxatives. In the last decades treatment on disimpaction have changed radically from the rectal route to the oral route with polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG), the most used and accepted regimen nowadays. Treatment and care should take into account the individual needs and preferences of the patient. Good communication is essential, to allow patients to reach informed decisions about their care. Maintenance therapy consists of dietary interventions, toilet training, and laxatives to obtain daily painless defaecation in order to prevent re-accumulation of stools. Maintenance therapy should be start as soon as the child's bowel is disimpacted. Early intervention with oral laxatives may improve complete resolution of functional constipation. Enemas using phosphate, mineral oil, or normal saline are effective in relieving rectal impaction, but carry the risk of mechanical trauma and are not recommended for maintenance therapy in the paediatric population. Among osmotic agents, polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolyte solutions appear to be the first-line drug treatment to use in children of any age, as it is safe, effective, and well-tolerated. Recommended doses ranges from 0.25 to 1.5g/kg. Advances in the understanding of the gastrointestinal enteric nervous system and epithelial function have led to the development of new substances that bind to serotonin receptors or are chloride channel activators (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Constipação Intestinal/epidemiologia , Laxantes/uso terapêutico , Comportamento Alimentar , Fibras na Dieta , Impacção Fecal/complicações , Polietilenoglicóis/uso terapêutico , Enema , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina/uso terapêutico
9.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 74(1): 51.e1-7, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21123124

RESUMO

Constipation is common in childhood. It can affect around 5-30% of the child population, depending on the criteria used for diagnosis. The currently recommended treatment is based on three main points: a) explanation, b) disimpaction and c) maintenance therapy consisting of diet changes, behavioural modification, and the use of laxatives. In the last decades treatment on disimpaction have changed radically from the rectal route to the oral route with polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG), the most used and accepted regimen nowadays. Treatment and care should take into account the individual needs and preferences of the patient. Good communication is essential, to allow patients to reach informed decisions about their care. Maintenance therapy consists of dietary interventions, toilet training, and laxatives to obtain daily painless defaecation in order to prevent re-accumulation of stools. Maintenance therapy should be start as soon as the child's bowel is disimpacted. Early intervention with oral laxatives may improve complete resolution of functional constipation. Enemas using phosphate, mineral oil, or normal saline are effective in relieving rectal impaction, but carry the risk of mechanical trauma and are not recommended for maintenance therapy in the paediatric population. Among osmotic agents, polyethylene glycol 3350 plus electrolyte solutions appear to be the first-line drug treatment to use in children of any age, as it is safe, effective, and well-tolerated. Recommended doses ranges from 0.25 to 1.5g/kg. Advances in the understanding of the gastrointestinal enteric nervous system and epithelial function have led to the development of new substances that bind to serotonin receptors or are chloride channel activators.


Assuntos
Constipação Intestinal/terapia , Criança , Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto
10.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 72(3): e1-e20, mar. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-78518

RESUMO

La morbi-mortalidad en menores de 5 años por gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) en países en desarrollo sigue siendo elevada. Los autores han elaborado un documento que ayude a tomar decisiones en el tratamiento del menor de 5 años con GEA en el contexto Ibero-latinoamericano. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura (mayo 2008). La gradación de la evidencia se realizó siguiendo las guías Oxford y expertos latinoamericanos opinaron respecto a las recomendaciones. La rehidratación oral representa la piedra angular del tratamiento de la GEA en niños, asociándose a menos efectos adversos que la rehidratación intravenosa. La GEA no es contraindicación para la alimentación normal. Racecadotrilo, zinc y esmectita pueden coadyuvar al tratamiento, así como Lactobacillus GG y Saccharomyces boulardii. No se recomiendan otros fármacos. En el tratamiento de niños con GEA se recomienda la rehidratación oral junto con racecadotrilo, zinc o esmectita, y algunos probióticos (AU)


Acute gastroenteritis (AG) morbidity and mortality rates in infants and prescholars continue to be high in developing countries. Authors want to develop an evidence-based document that supports decision making regarding AG therapy in infants and children younger than 5 y/o. A systematic review of the literature was performed (May, 2008). Evidence grading was established according to Oxford guidelines and Latin American experts submitted their opinions on the recommendations generated. Oral rehydration solutions are the threatment's keystone for children with AG, showing lesser complications due to therapy than IV fluids. AG is no contraindication of a normal diet. Racecadotril, zinc and smectite can contribute to AG treatment, as well as Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomycces boulardii. No other drugs are recommended. It is recommended to treat children presenting AG with oral rehydration solutions among racecadotril, zinc or smectite as well as some probiotics (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Gastroenterite/complicações , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Gastroenterite/terapia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/métodos , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/fisiopatologia , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/normas , Medicina Baseada em Evidências/tendências
11.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 72(3): 220.e1-220.e20, 2010 Mar.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20171152

RESUMO

Acute gastroenteritis (AG) morbidity and mortality rates in infants and prescholars continue to be high in developing countries. Authors want to develop an evidence-based document that supports decision making regarding AG therapy in infants and children younger than 5 y/o. A systematic review of the literature was performed (May, 2008). Evidence grading was established according to Oxford guidelines and Latin American experts submitted their opinions on the recommendations generated. Oral rehydration solutions are the threatment's keystone for children with AG, showing lesser complications due to therapy than IV fluids. AG is no contraindication of a normal diet. Racecadotril, zinc and smectite can contribute to AG treatment, as well as Lactobacillus GG and Saccharomycces boulardii. No other drugs are recommended. It is recommended to treat children presenting AG with oral rehydration solutions among racecadotril, zinc or smectite as well as some probiotics.


Assuntos
Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Gastroenterite/diagnóstico , Gastroenterite/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Doença Aguda , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Lactente , América Latina , Espanha
12.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 70(5): 467-476, mayo 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-61526

RESUMO

Introducción: El sistema educativo español de Medicina ha contribuido de forma importante al desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Salud, pero continúa siendo necesario un proceso integral de evaluación. Objetivo: Valorar diversos aspectos de la formación médica pregraduada y posgraduada (médico interno residente [MIR]) de los residentes españoles en Pediatría. Material y métodos: Encuesta anónima con respuestas codificadas dirigida a 61 residentes de Pediatría de cuarto año. Resultados: Dos tercios de los residentes consideran que el programa curricular de Medicina debe cambiar, y proponen menos educación teórica. Similar proporción de residentes consideran que el examen MIR debe introducir cuestiones sobre capacidades y sobre aptitudes, además de las exclusivas preguntas actuales sobre conocimientos. El tutor MIR se considera una figura importante para el 90% de los residentes de Pediatría, pero en su valoración, se suspende al 35% de los tutores. Los conceptos relacionados con la Medicina basada en la evidencia (MBE) se están introduciendo en la formación médica de pregrado (un 48% de los residentes considera haber recibido una correcta preparación) y en la de posgrado (69%), pero aún se detectan áreas en las que cabe mejorar la formación, como en la búsqueda de información bibliográfica y en la lectura crítica de documentos. Conclusiones: La calidad de la educación médica (pregrado y posgrado) muestra varios aspectos que deben cambiar, principalmente en relación con 2 paradigmas actuales: el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior y la MBE (AU)


Introduction: The Spanish medical education system has made a great contribution to the development of the National Health Service, but a need for an overall assessment process still remains. Aim: Evaluate several issues of under- and postgraduate (MIR) medical education of Spanish residents in Paediatrics. Method: An anonymous questionnaire with coded answers administered to 61 paediatric residents in the fourth year of specialty. Results: Two thirds of residents think that the Medicine curriculum must change, with less theoretical education. Similarly a proportion of residents believes that the MIR Exam should introduce items on skills and abilities in addition to the current items. Resident tutors are considered positively in 90% of cases, but 35% of them failed in their assessment. Concepts related to evidence-based medicine are being introduced into undergraduate medical education (48% of answers) and postgraduate (69%), but we still found several areas for improvement: bibliographic information searching and critical appraisal of scientific documents. Conclusions: The quality of medical education (undergraduate and postgraduate) shows several issues that must change, mainly related to two current paradigms: the European Higher Education Area (EEHA) and Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) (AU)


Assuntos
Educação Médica/tendências , Pediatria/educação , Internato e Residência/tendências , 24419 , Medicina/educação
13.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 70(5): 467-76, 2009 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19375990

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The Spanish medical education system has made a great contribution to the development of the National Health Service, but a need for an overall assessment process still remains. AIM: Evaluate several issues of under- and postgraduate (MIR) medical education of Spanish residents in Paediatrics. METHOD: An anonymous questionnaire with coded answers administered to 61 paediatric residents in the fourth year of specialty. RESULTS: Two thirds of residents think that the Medicine curriculum must change, with less theoretical education. Similarly a proportion of residents believes that the MIR Exam should introduce items on skills and abilities in addition to the current items. Resident tutors are considered positively in 90% of cases, but 35% of them failed in their assessment. Concepts related to evidence-based medicine are being introduced into undergraduate medical education (48% of answers) and postgraduate (69%), but we still found several areas for improvement: bibliographic information searching and critical appraisal of scientific documents. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of medical education (undergraduate and postgraduate) shows several issues that must change, mainly related to two current paradigms: the European Higher Education Area (EEHA) and Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM).


Assuntos
Competência Clínica , Medicina Interna/educação , Internato e Residência , Pediatria/educação , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários
14.
Nutr. clín. diet. hosp ; 28(2): 3-19, mayo-ago. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-61095

RESUMO

El agua contenida en los alimentos junto con la que bebemos y el resto de los líquidos que ingerimos, tienen que garantizar nuestra correcta hidratación en todas las edades y circunstancias vitales. En consecuencia, es muy importante que su consumo tenga asegurada la calidad y la cantidad. La ingestión adecuada de agua total se ha establecido para prevenir los efectos deletéreos de la deshidratación que incluyen trastornos funcionales y metabólicos. Es conocido como el grado de hidratación puede influir sobre la salud y el bienestar de las personas. En la mujer embarazada, una parte importante del aumento de su peso se produce a expensas del incremento del volumen plasmático. En el caso de la lactancia, resulta obvia la importancia de mantener una ingesta hídrica adecuada si queremos preservar localidad y cantidad de la leche y, por lo tanto, el estado nutricional del niño y de la madre. En el caso del niño, su balance hídrico tiene que estar equilibrado a través de aportaciones cotidianas suficientes. Las necesidades basales de líquidos en los mayores se cifran en torno a 30-35 mL por Kilogramo de peso y día. Hay circunstancias que incrementan las necesidades de líquidos del organismo como el estrés, la actividad y el ejercicio físico, el aumento de la temperatura ambiental ,la fiebre, las pérdidas de líquidos por vómitos y/o diarreas, la diabetes descompensada, las quemaduras, etc. Los factores que condicionan el ejercicio en relación con la hidratación son: las características del ejercicio, las condiciones ambientales, las características individuales, el acostumbramiento a las condiciones climáticas externas, el entrenamiento, el umbral y la capacidad de sudoración. Todo ello hace que resulte muy conveniente instaurar unas Guías directrices que puedan orientar a los consumidores, así como a los distintos profesionales dela salud, sobre lo que resulta más adecuado beber o aconsejar beber en cada momento (AU)


Water is a natural resource essential to life and essential in our daily food. The water contained in food which along with liquids we drink and the rest we eat, we have to ensure proper hydration in all ages and life circumstances. It is very important that its consumption has ensured the quality and quantity. The adequate intake of total water has been established to prevent the deleterious effects of dehydration (especially acute effects) that include functional and metabolic disorders. It is known that the degree of hydration can influence the health and welfare of people, including his mental concentration and other cognitive aspects, their physical performance and heat tolerance. In pregnant women, an important part of its increasing weight occurs at the expense of the volume plasma increase. In the case of breastfeeding, if we consider that approximately 87-90% the composition of milk is water, it is obvious the importance of maintaining an adequate water intake if we want to preserve the quality and quantity of milk and, hence, the nutritional status of children and mothers. In the case of children, their water balance has to be balanced through sufficient contributions every day, especially in the early stages of life where they are most vulnerable to fluids and electrolytes imbalances. Children -especially infants and those who start walking-are at increased risk, even deadly, dehydration than adults. The factors that determine the exercise in relation to the hydration are the characteristics of the exercise, environmental conditions, individual characteristics, accustomed to external weather conditions, training, and capacity threshold of sweating. In recent years, besides the traditional beverages, a wide range of new drinks that often have a significant caloric value, have proliferated in the marketplace for. This makes it highly desirable to establish some guidelines (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Água Corporal/fisiologia , Ingestão de Líquidos/fisiologia , Equilíbrio Hidroeletrolítico/fisiologia , Política Nutricional , Valores de Referência , Espanha
15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18447142

RESUMO

Cold urticaria can be associated with blood and thyroid disorders, drugs, or infections. Celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by permanent gluten intolerance. It is often associated with other autoimmune diseases, such as chronic idiopathic urticaria. Nevertheless, association with cold urticaria has not yet been described. A boy aged 3 years 8 months presented local urticaria-angioedema when exposed to cold temperatures. An ice cube test was positive and iron deficiency anemia was demonstrated. He later developed legume intolerance, rhinoconjunctivitis related to pollen sensitization, and asthma. Due to persistence of cold urticaria symptoms and refractory anemia, a test for immunoglobulin A autoantibodies to tissue transglutaminase and an intestinal biopsy were performed. Results of both tests were compatible with celiac disease.A study of human leukocyte antigen indicated a high risk phenotype (HLA, DR6/DR7; DQA 0501, 0201; DQB 0301, 0201). After 7 months of a gluten-free diet, the boy's anemia resolved and he is free of symptoms when exposed to cold. This is a first description of the possibility of an association between celiac disease and cold urticaria. A poor course of cold urticaria in the absence of evidence of another underlying condition should lead to suspicion of celiac disease.


Assuntos
Doença Celíaca/imunologia , Temperatura Baixa/efeitos adversos , Urticária/imunologia , Anemia Ferropriva/complicações , Anemia Ferropriva/imunologia , Angioedema/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Autoanticorpos/imunologia , Doença Celíaca/complicações , Doença Celíaca/diagnóstico , Pré-Escolar , Dermatite Herpetiforme/complicações , Dermatite Herpetiforme/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Humanos , Masculino , Urticária/sangue , Urticária/etiologia
16.
Pediátrika (Madr.) ; 27(3): 78-85, mar.2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64090

RESUMO

La obesidad es una enfermedad crónica cuya incidencia y prevalencia están aumentando tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Representa en la actualidad un problema importante de salud pública en nuestro medio. Las estrategias de prevención de la obesidad en la infancia deben establecerse en la escuela y la familia, las dos instituciones que ejercen mayor influencia en el niño. El propósito de este artículo es animar al pediatra a que participe activamente en la promoción de hábitos alimenticios saludables, para evitar la repercusión de la obesidad en la edad adulta


Obesity is a common health problem, which affects both the developed and in developed countries, where its incidence and prevalence are increasing during the last years. Prevention strategies for obesity in childhood must be established in school and family, the two institutions which have more influence during this period of life. The aim of this article is to encourage the paediatricians to promote healthy consumption habits, to avoid the complications of the obesity later on in life


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Alimentar , Alimentos Integrais , Promoção da Saúde Alimentar e Nutricional , Promoção da Saúde , Fatores de Risco , Predisposição Genética para Doença
17.
Pediátrika (Madr.) ; 27(3): 95-104, mar. 2007. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64092

RESUMO

Obejtivos: Evaluar la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CVRS) de los cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos con dermatitis atópica (DA) mediante el cuestionario Parents Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis (PIQOL-AD) y el cuestionario EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D) y conocer la satisfacción y la adherencia terapçeutica mediante el cuestionario Morisky Green. Métodos: Estudio observacional, multicéntrico y ambispectivo de 9 meses de seguimiento. 372 pacientes menores de 12 años con DA de 78 centros españoles distribuidos en dos grupos; pacientes de 0-23 meses y de 24 meses a 12 años. Se recogieron variables de gravedad (IGA, EASI), de CVRS, pregutnas sobre satisfacción con tratamiento y el cuestionario de adherencia. Resultados: La edad media (DE) de los pacientes fue de 4,2 (3,2) años. Las puntuaciones del PIQoL-AD se relacionaron con la gravedad del paciente (p<0.0001). Mayor preocupación por; "tener cuidado con la ropa que debía llevar el niño" (84,6%) y "por el aspecto del niño" (80,8%). Relación entre gravedad (IGA) y las puntuaciones EQ-5D; a mayor gravedad, mayor porcentaje de cuidadores con problemas en dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión. A los 9 meses la puntuación de la EVA de los cuidadores aumentó de forma estadísticamente significativa. El 83% de los cuidadores con pacientes sin casi enfermedad declararon estar muy o bastante satisfechos y el 25.3% una adherencia alta al tratamiento. Conclusiones: La gravedad de la DA es el factor que más condiciona con el tratamiento y en el grado de cumplimiento terapéutico


Objectives: To evaluate the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of the pediatric patient´s caregivers with Atopic Dermatitis (AD) measured by Parents Index of Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis questionnaire (PIQOL-AD) and EuroQoL-5D questionnaire (EQ-5D) and know the treatment satisfaction and therapeutic compliance using Morisky Green questionnaire. Methods: Observationa, multicentric and ambispective study with a 9 months of prospective phase. 372 patients <= 12 years old with AD from 78 centers of Spain. Patients were allocated in two defferent groups, patients from 0-23 months and patients from 24 months to 2 years old. Patients with AD and whose caregiver may attend all study visits. We collect severity variables (Investigator´s Global Assessment (IGA), EASI), HRQoL (EQ-5D, PIQoL.AD), questions about treatment satisfaction and Morisky Green questionnaire. Results: Mean age (ED) was 4,2 (3,2) years old. PIQoL-AD scores have correlation with patient severity (p<0,001). Patient´s caregivers major concerns were about "be careful with the clothes that the children may wear" (84,6%) and "skin´s childrens aspects" (80.8%). Relationship between severity (IGA) and EQ-5D questionnaire scores. After 9 months of follow up, scores of analogical visual scales (AVS) of EQ-5D increased statistically significant, 83% of the patient´s caregivers with less severity declare to be more or quite satisfied with the treatment. The scores of the adherence questionnaire showed that 25,3% of the patients had a high adherence to the treatment. Conclusions: Results shows that severity of AD is the most conditioning factor in the caregivers day life, in the treatment satisfaction and adherence compliance (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Dermatite Atópica , Perfil de Impacto da Doença , Cuidadores/psicologia , Psicometria/instrumentação , Qualidade de Vida , Satisfação do Paciente , Cooperação do Paciente
18.
Pediátrika (Madr.) ; 26(3): 75-78, mar. 2006. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-044847

RESUMO

Introducción: La enfermedad celíaca (EC) es unaenteropatía autoinmune sensible al gluten, de carácterpermanente que se da en individuos genéticamentepredispuestos. Se ha observado una mayor prevalenciaen los niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1).Se estima que, aproximadamente, del 7% al 16% delos niños con DM1 desarrolla enfermedad celíaca enlos primeros 6 años después del diagnóstico.El modo de presentación es variable. La mayoríade casos de EC en diabéticos son formas clínicasatípicas y, con frecuencia, latentes (mucosa intestinalnormal o con mínimos cambios con autoanticuerpospositivos).Caso: Se presenta un caso de EC latente en unapaciente con DM1 que evolucionó hacia una ECasintomática aunque con enteropatía severa de lasvellosidades intestinales, en la adolescencia.Se trata de una adolescente de 12 años con diagnósticode DM1 a la edad de 6 años y medio y anticuerposantitransglutaminasa ligeramente elevados,sin datos clínicos ni histológicos de EC. En el estudiogenético se objetivó un genotipo HLA con asociaciónmoderada a EC, por lo que se decidió seguimientode los niveles de anticuerpos. La pacientepermaneció asintomática salvo un retraso puberalleve y a los 16 años aumentaron los anticuerpos,por lo que se realizó biopsia intestinal que reveló lesiónvellositaria severa. A partir de ese momento, seinició tratamiento con dieta exenta de gluten.Conclusiones: La mayoría de estudios afirmanque la EC puede debutar hasta 9 años después delinicio de la diabetes, desafortunadamente esto puedeocurrir en la adolescencia, momento en el que la enfermedadcelíaca suele ser quiescente. El caso presentadoes un ejemplo de que no hay que olvidar estaentidad en los adolescentes diabéticos de larga evolución.Se debería realizar una determinación periódicade autoanticuerpos en todos los pacientes con DM1


Introduction: Coeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmunepermanent gluten enteropathy that occurs ingenetically susceptible individuals. It has been observeda major prevalence in children with diabetesmellitus type 1 (DM1). Approximately, from 7% to16% of children with DM1 has CD in the first 6 yearsafter the diagnosis. Clinical presentation of the diseaseis variable. Most cases in diabetic children areatypical and latent forms (normal or minimal histologicalchanges with positive autoantibodies).Case: We present a case of latent CD in a patientwith DM1 that became asymptomatic CD with intestinalvillous atrophy in the adolescence.A 12 years old adolescent, diagnosed of DM1 at 6and a half years old, presents high antitransglutaminaselevels without clinical nor histological signs ofCD. Genetic study revealed HLA with moderate associationwith CD and we followed antibody levels.The patient kept asymptomatic except for a delayedpuberty. At 16 years old, antibodies increased andbiopsy showed intestinal villous atrophy. The patientstarted a gluten free diet.Conclusions: Most studies show that CD canstart until 9 years after the beginning of the diabetes.Unfortunately, that can occur at the adolescence,when CD is often silent. The presented case showsthat we must not forget this disease in diabetic adolescents.Periodical determination of autoantibodiesshould be made in diabetic patients


Assuntos
Feminino , Adolescente , Humanos , Doença Celíaca/complicações , Doença Celíaca/diagnóstico , Enteropatias/patologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/complicações , Doença Celíaca/dietoterapia , Fator XIIIa/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
19.
Rev Med Univ Navarra ; 50(4): 56-61, 2006.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17424770

RESUMO

Bone mineralization depends on genetic, nutritional, endocrine, metabolic and mechanical factors. Dairy products form the major source of dietary calcium and vitamin D, both of which are essential for optimal bone mineralization. Osteoporosis is defined as a reduction in bone mass; it is exacerbated by malnutrition, low weight, poor intake of vitamin D and calcium and lack of physical exercise. The purpose of this article is to encourage pediatricians to make an effort about the prevention of childhood osteoporosis.


Assuntos
Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Criança , Dieta , Humanos , Inquéritos e Questionários
20.
Rev. Med. Univ. Navarra ; 50(4): 56-61, 2006. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-149607

RESUMO

La mineralización ósea depende de factores genéticos, nutricionales, endocrinos, metabólicos y mecánicos. Los productos lácteos son la fuente más importante de calcio y vitamina D, ambos esenciales para conseguir una óptima mineralización ósea. La osteoporosis se define como una reducción de la masa ósea; esta pérdida se hace más importante en casos de malnutrición, bajo peso, una ingesta pobre de vitamina D y calcio y el sedentarismo. El objetivo de este artículo es animar a los pediatras a realizar un esfuerzo en la prevención de la osteoporosis infantil (AU)


Bone mineralization depends on genetic, nutritional, endocrine, metabolic and mechanical factors. Dairy products from the major source of dietary calcium and vitamin D, both of which are essential for optimal bone mineralization. Osteoporosis is defined as a reduction in bone mass; it is exacerbated by malnutrition, low weight, poor intake of vitamin D and calcium and lack of physical exercise. The purpose of this article is to encourage pediatricians to make an effort about the prevention of childhood osteoporosis (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Dieta , Inquéritos e Questionários , Coleta de Dados
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